William Byrd (c.1540–1623) was an English composer who wrote in every genre prevalent in his day and displayed proficiency in each musical category he attempted. Whether it was sacred or secular vocal music, his consort writing for viols, or his music for the keyboard, Byrd was a supreme musical architect. His writing reached the height of musical sophistication in England during his lifetime.
In Byrd’s day, virginals, harpsichords and all manner of plucked-string keyboard instruments were widely played throughout England. Organs, both large and small, were also in wide use throughout the country. Byrd held an important position as organist at Lincoln Cathedral, and it is certain he would have played many of his keyboard compositions on the organ. Like his contemporaries, he rarely specified the particular keyboard instrument to be used. The uncomplicated reality of the period was that players simply used what was available to them at the time.
Byrd’s keyboard compositions fall broadly into four categories: fantasias, settings of popular songs, variations, and dance pieces. The middle half of the 16th century saw this first genre evolve from a work for lute or viol consort into a keyboard piece. The developing Tudor fantasia featured continuous imitation, rapid figurations and hitherto unknown displays of virtuosity. Above all, it was keyboard writing which was decisively idiomatic. Byrd’s compositions of this type are sectionalized works and are, more often than not, somewhat formulaic. Customarily beginning in the style of a cantus firmus choral motet with long note values, musical ideas are exposed and heard in various registers of the keyboard. This was typically followed by an answering phrase with shorter note values and a sharply contrasted character. New ideas continue to emerge and the writing becomes increasingly more complex and virtuosic. There is habitually a tripla section and a codetta notable for its brilliant scalic writing.
Thus, the Byrd fantasia is a clever and distinctive amalgam of the ancient motet style, with its overlapping entries, and the emerging features of idiomatic keyboard writing formulas. His unique approach to rhythm, which puts his keyboard music in a class of its own, features cross-rhythms, hemiolas, polyrhythms, frequent changes of meters, outrageous syncopation and even jaunty jig-like episodes.
Other information:
- Recorded April 2024 at the University of Birmingham
- Booklet in English contains liner notes by the organist, a description of the organ with stop list, and a profile of the artist
- William Byrd was an English composer of late Renaissance music. Considered among the greatest composers of the Renaissance, he had a profound influence on composers both from his native England and on the continent. On his death, he was reported in the records of the Chapel Royal as ‘father of Music’. He wrote in many of the forms current in England at the time, including various types of sacred and secular polyphony, keyboard (the so-called Virginalist school), and consort music.
- Unlike the more formal structures of his contemporaries, Byrd’s Organ Fantasias exhibit freedom and fluidity, often moving between contrasting sections that vary in texture, tempo, and mood. This variety allows the pieces to shift from reflective, meditative passages to lively, rhythmic episodes, creating a dynamic and engaging listening experience. Byrd's use of dissonance, chromaticism, and unusual harmonies gives his fantasias a unique emotional depth, setting them apart from other keyboard works of the time.
- It would be difficult to think of an instrument in the United Kingdom today better suited to William Byrd’s music than the St Telio organ in the vicinity of Cardiff, Wales. Built by the English organ builders Martin Goetze and Dominic Gwynn in 2001, this chamber instrument is based on a remarkable discovery – a soundboard unearthed in 1977 in Suffolk. Its pipes are constructed on the only pipes surviving from the mediaeval West Country tradition from John Loosemore’s 1665 organ for Nettlecombe Court. The extremely narrow scaling produces a sound which is surprisingly rich with a somewhat sibilant trait. It works with hand-operated bellows. This gives rise to very subtle surges and dips in sound pressure and volume as well as the occasional rattle and creak, adding an extra layer of authenticity.
- Jangoo Chapkhana is an organist and harpsichordist of international standing, as well as an orchestral conductor. His career highlights include organ recitals in Westminster Abbey (London), St Mary The Virgin (New York City) and two recitals in Washington National Cathedral (USA).
